Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Secondary to Intracranial Hypotension

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J Neurosonol Neuroimag. 2020;12(1):48-50

Publication date (electronic) : 2020 June 26

doi : https://doi.org/10.31728/jnn.2019.00073

Jee Eun Lee, MD^*, Sue Hyun Lee, MD^†, Kee Duk Park, MD, PhD^†, Jung Hwan Lee, MD^,‡

^*Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

^†Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea

^‡Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Jung Hwan Lee, MD Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-6762 Fax: +82-2-2258-9686 E-mail: blubear@hanmail.net

Received 2019 November 28; Revised 2020 January 7; Accepted 2020 February 3.

Abstract

CASE

A 71-year-old woman with a history of hypertension was referred to the emergency room for dyspnea and altered mental status. She had undergone posterior lumbar interbody fusion with laminectomy in the region from the third lumbar to sacral vertebrae 9 days before. She complained of dyspnea 2 days before, during postoperative care, and showed a mildly drowsy mental status 1 day before. There was no medical record of high blood pressure or other neurologic deficits, such as headache or visual disturbance from previous hospital visits. Her blood pressure at the emergency room was 156/67 mmHg, and there was no definite evidence of infection. She was admitted for treatment of pulmonary embolism at the department of pulmonology. There was no significant change in her blood pressure during the course of acute management of pulmonary embolism. Her mental status changed to deeply drowsy with no other definite neurologic deficits after two days. She underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed symmetric high signal intensity in bilateral parietooccipital lobes, frontal convexity, thalamus, and cerebellum on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images, suggesting a high possibility of PRES. MRI also showed bilateral subdural effusion and mild sagging of the brain with compression of the diencephalon, which are compatible with intracranial hypotension. There were no features suggestive of venous thrombosis. Her blood pressure was within the normal range during hospitalization, and there were no causative factors, such as cytotoxic medication, renal failure, or sepsis. Lumbar spine MRI revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage with defects of the supraspinous ligament in the laminectomy bed and subcutaneous layers at the L1–L3 level. Primary closure was performed, and her mental status improved. Follow-up MRI performed 1 month later showed complete recovery of PRES and absorption of bilateral subdural effusion with a normalized brain structure (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Brain and lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging suggesting posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to intracranial hypotension. (A) Subdural effusion in the bilateral frontal areas and high signal intensities in the bilateral thalamus and occipitoparietal areas on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. (B) Hyperintense lesions on apparent diffusion coefficient suggesting vasogenic edema. (C) Fluid collection in the subcutaneous layer of the 1st to 3rd lumbar regions (white arrow), and dural and supraspinous ligament defects in the 4th to 5th lumbar areas with a 10-cm diameter of fluid collection (arrow heads). No contrast enhancement in the surrounding connective tissues and a clear wall margin suggesting less possibility of infection. (D) Complete resolution of subdural effusion and hyperintense lesions after primary closure of the depletive site.

DISCUSSION

Two mainstays of explanation for PRES are failure of the cerebral arterial autoregulatory system and endothelial dysfunction.3 An abrupt surge in blood pressure provokes not only an increase in the cerebral perfusion pressure but also forced vasodilation of the intracranial vessels, which can cause vasogenic edema with an increment in intravascular hydrostatic pressure. Along with high blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction due to the use of cytotoxic agents or systemic disease, which disrupt the blood-brain barrier, induces secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Excretion of vasoactive substances enhances the permeability of the endothelium, which aggravates vasogenic edema.2

In addition, PRES due to intracranial hypotension is attributed to abnormal flow of the venous system.4,5 According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, the intracranial volume consists of three components: brain, blood, and CSF. The brain parenchyma is less flexible, so changes in blood volume are inevitable in alteration of the CSF volume to maintain the normal intracranial pressure.6 It is reflected in MRI findings with abnormal dural enhancement and signs of venous distension.7

Although rare, there are several case reports of PRES resulting from intracranial hypotension, including spontaneous intracranial hypotension, as an etiology (Table 1). Most patients completely recover with the treatment of CSF leakage or conservative care for PRES. Our patient was the first described case of PRES secondary to intracranial hypotension in Korea. Particularly, our case is not associated with other causative factors, such as pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, or cerebrovascular events. Our case demonstrated neurologic improvement and radiological complete remission after primary closure of the depletive site. Hence, clinicians should consider the probability of PRES in newly appeared neurologic deterioration of patients with intracranial hypotension.

Table 1.

Cases of PRES secondary to intracranial hypotension with no other causative factors^*

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