2. Suradi HS, Hijazi ZM. Patent foramen ovale: stroke and device closure.
Cardiol Clin. 2016;34:231-240.
3. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies.
Neurology. 2000;55:1172-1179.
4. Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients.
N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2262-2268.
5. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts.
Mayo Clin Proc. 1984;59:17-20.
6. Rigatelli G, Rigatelli A. Closing patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke: the underscored importance of other interatrial shunt variants.
World J Cardiol. 2015;7:326-330.
7. Serena J, Marti-Fàbregas J, Santamarina E, Rodríguez JJ, Perez-Ayuso MJ, Masjuan J, et al. Recurrent stroke and massive right-to-left shunt: results from the prospective Spanish multicenter (CODICIA) study.
Stroke. 2008;39:3131-3136.
8. Kitsios GD, Lasker A, Singh J, Thaler DE. Recurrent stroke on imaging and presumed paradoxical embolism: a cross-sectional analysis.
Neurology. 2012;78:993-997.
9. Lethen H, Flachskampf FA, Schneider R, Sliwka U, Köhn G, Noth J, et al. Frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients with patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1066-1069.
10. Ranoux D, Cohen A, Cabanes L, Amarenco P, Bousser MG, Mas JL. Patent foramen ovale: is stroke due to paradoxical embolism?
Stroke. 1993;24:31-34.
11. Rigatelli G, Aggio S, Cardaioli P, Braggion G, Giordan M, Dell'avvocata F, et al. Left atrial dysfunction in patients with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: an alternative concurrent mechanism for arterial embolism?
JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:655-662.
12. Osgood M, Budman E, Carandang R, Goddeau RP Jr, Henninger N. Prevalence of pelvic vein pathology in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale undergoing MRV pelvis.
Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;39:216-223.
13. Kim BJ, Sohn H, Sun BJ, Song JK, Kang DW, Kim JS, et al. Imaging characteristics of ischemic strokes related to patent foramen ovale.
Stroke. 2013;44:3350-3356.
14. Hayashida K, Fukuchi K, Inubushi M, Fukushima K, Imakita S, Kimura K. Embolic distribution through patent foramen ovale demonstrated by (99m)Tc-MAA brain SPECT after Valsalva radionuclide venography.
J Nucl Med. 2001;42:859-863.
15. Boutet C, Rouffiange-Leclair L, Garnier P, Quenet S, Delsart D, Varvat J, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in cryptogenic stroke patients under 60 years with patent foramen ovale.
Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:824-828.
16. Kent DM, Ruthazer R, Weimar C, Mas JL, Serena J, Homma S, et al. An index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke.
Neurology. 2013;81:619-625.
17. Mojadidi MK, Bogush N, Caceres JD, Msaouel P, Tobis JM. Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiogram for the detection of patent foramen ovale: a meta-analysis.
Echocardiography. 2014;31:752-758.
18. Mojadidi MK, Roberts SC, Winoker JS, Romero J, Goodman-Meza D, Gevorgyan R, et al. Accuracy of transcranial Doppler for the diagnosis of intracardiac right-to-left shunt: a bivariate meta-analysis of prospective studies.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:236-250.
19. Kim YJ, Hur J, Shim CY, Lee HJ, Ha JW, Choe KO, et al. Patent foramen ovale: diagnosis with multidetector CT--comparison with transesophageal echocardiography.
Radiology. 2009;250:61-67.
20. Abushora MY, Bhatia N, Alnabki Z, Shenoy M, Alshaher M, Stoddard MF. Intrapulmonary shunt is a potentially unrecognized cause of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:683-690.
21. Lee JY, Song JK, Song JM, Kang DH, Yun SC, Kang DW, et al. Association between anatomic features of atrial septal abnormalities obtained by omni-plane transesophageal echocardiography and stroke recurrence in cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale.
Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:129-134.
22. Goel SS, Tuzcu EM, Shishehbor MH, de Oliveira EI, Borek PP, Krasuski RA, et al. Morphology of the patent foramen ovale in asymptomatic versus symptomatic (stroke or transient ischemic attack) patients.
Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:124-129.
23. Bayar N, Arslan Ş, Çağırcı G, Erkal Z, Üreyen ÇM, Çay S, et al. Assessment of morphology of patent foramen ovale with transesophageal echocardiography in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24:1282-1286.
24. Kim BJ, Kim NY, Kang DW, Kim JS, Kwon SU. Provoked right-to-left shunt in patent foramen ovale associates with ischemic stroke in posterior circulation.
Stroke. 2014;45:3707-3710.
25. Arauz A, Murillo L, Márquez JM, Tamayo A, Cantú C, Roldan FJ, et al. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke in young cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale.
Int J Stroke. 2012;7:631-634.
26. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both.
N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1740-1746.
27. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP; PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study.
Circulation. 2002;105:2625-2631.
28. Windecker S, Wahl A, Chatterjee T, Garachemani A, Eberli FR, Seiler C, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: longterm risk of recurrent thromboembolic events.
Circulation. 2000;101:893-898.
29. Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale.
N Engl J Med. 2012;366:991-999.
30. Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, Berry S, Mac-Donald LA, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke.
N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1092-1100.
31. Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, Khattab AA, Hildick-Smith D, Dudek D, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism.
N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1083-1091.
32. Spencer FA, Lopes LC, Kennedy SA, Guyatt G. Systematic review of percutaneous closure versus medical therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale.
BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004282.
33. Kent DM, Dahabreh IJ, Ruthazer R, Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Carroll JD, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale after stroke: pooled analysis of completed randomized trials.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:907-917.
34. Khan AR, Bin Abdulhak AA, Sheikh MA, Khan S, Erwin PJ, Tleyjeh I, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy in cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:1316-1323.
35. Rengifo-Moreno P, Palacios IF, Junpaparp P, Witzke CF, Morris DL, Romero-Corral A. Patent foramen ovale transcatheter closure vs. medical therapy on recurrent vascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3342-3352.
36. Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, Massardier E, Hosseini H, Mechtouff L, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke.
N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1011-1021.
37. Søndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF, Andersen G, Iversen HK, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke.
N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1033-1042.
38. Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, MacDonald LA, Marks DS, et al. Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after stroke.
N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1022-1032.
39. Lee PH, Song JK, Kim JS, Heo R, Lee S, Kim DH, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and high-risk patent foramen ovale: the DEFENSE-PFO trial.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2335-2342.
40. Ozdemir AO, Tamayo A, Munoz C, Dias B, Spence JD. Cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale: clinical clues to paradoxical embolism.
J Neurol Sci. 2008;275:121-127.
41. Pizzino F, Khandheria B, Carerj S, Oreto G, Cusmà-Piccione M, Todaro MC, et al. PFO: button me up, but wait ... Comprehensive evaluation of the patient.
J Cardiol. 2016;67:485-492.
42. Fukuoka T, Dembo T, Nagoya H, Kato Y, Yasuko O, Deguchi I, et al. Factors related to recurrence of paradoxical cerebral embolism due to patent foramen ovale.
J Neurol. 2012;259:1051-1055.